hosthatch，英语单词组合规律？
英文字母及字母组合发音规律
★英文字母及字母组合发音规律
（I） 元音字母及元音字母组合拼读规则
● 元音字母的发音
2. 附：常见的字母与字母组合发音规则
（一） 元音字母a
1. 重读开音节 [ei] paper ; late; make ; lake ; face
2. 重读闭音节 [æ] bag ; fat; cat ; ladder ; mass
（*例外：any一些[e] ;many许多[e]）
3. 非重读音节 [ə]或[i]
即：[ə]—— ago; along ; among ; above ; aloud
[i]——comrade ; village ; manager ； palace ; private ；necklace
*连续相同的辅音（字母），一般只发一个音，而且归属后一个音节段。如上的ladder,village .
4.在字母w或wh后面，发[ɔ] was ; wash ; what ; want (*例外：water水[ɔ:])
5.a在诸如-ance;-ask;-ass;-ast;-ath组合里,重读时均发[a:]
即：dance;France ; chance
ask ;mask ;task ;basket
class;grass ;glass ;pass ;——（*例外：mass[æ]）
fast;cast ;past ;last ;master ;
father;path ;bath ;——(*例外：maths[æ])
(二)元音字母e
1.重读开音节 [i:] me ;he ;she;these ;evening
2.重读闭音节 [e] hen ;get ; set;tell ; echo
3.非重读音节 [i] useless ;ticket;basket ;pocket ;before ;below ;
（三）元音字母i或y
1.重读开音节 [ai] China ; try ; my; hi ; time ; guide;
2.重读闭音节 [i] sit ; hit ; ill; little ; system ;
3.非重读音节 [i] unit ;study
(四)元音字母o
1.重读开音节 [əu] no ; so ; go; home ; photo ;
2.重读闭音节 [ɔ] not ; hot ; box; fox ; cock ; cost ;
3.非重读音节 [ə] purpose ; concern
4.o在字母m,n,v或th之前，均发[ʌ]
son; month ; come ; ton ; (*例外：Tom[ɔ])
love; dove ; glove ; above ; another
mother; brother ; become ; some
5.两个单词：woman[‘wu-mən]女人（单数） ; women[‘wi-min]女人（复数）
（五）元音字母u
1.重读开音节 [ju:] pupil ; student ; use; cube
2.重读闭音节 [ʌ]或[u]
即：[ʌ]——cut; luck ; umbrella ; us
[u]——put ; full ; pull
4.非重读音节 [ə] autumn ;August ; support
●元音字母组合的拼读规则
（一）元音字母a的字母组合
1.ai或ay在重读音节中 [ei] rain ; train ; brain ; pain day ;may ; play ; stay ; lay
*ay在非重读音里[i]或[ei] Sunday ; Monday ; Tuesday ; Thursday; Friday
2.al+绝大多数辅音字母 [ɔ:] small ; wall ; call ; talk ;walk ；chalk
3.或[ɔ: l] also ; always
*al后面是k时，只发[ɔ:]
al+f或m时，al发[a:] half; calm
-al在词尾非重读[（ə）l] medal ; metal ; (例外canal运河，重音在后[æl])
3.-ance在重读时[a: ns] chance ; dance ; France
在非重读时[əns] importance ；performance ；ambulance
4.-ant非重读[ənt] assistant ; important ；peasant
5.-ange一般[eindʒ] change ; danger ;strange ;(*但orange[indʒ])
6.-age一般[idʒ] village ; carriage; marriage
7.-ask一般重读时[a: sk] ask ; mask ; task;basket
8.-ass一般重读时[a: s] class ; glass ; grass; pass ; (*但mass[æ])
9.-ast一般重读时[a:st] last ; past ; fast ; cast
-aste一般[eist] waste ; paste; taste
10.-ath一般[a: θ] bath ; path ; (*但maths[æθ])
或[a: ð]father ; rather ; (*但gather[æð])
11.-au一般[ɔ:] cause ; autumn ;August; (*但because[ɔ])
-augh(t) [ɔ: (t)] caught ; taught ; daughter
(*例外：laugh[l a: f])
12.-aw [ɔ:] draw ; saw ; law ; awful
13.a在字母w或wh后面，a发[ɔ]
was ; wash ; want ; what; (*但water[ɔ:])
14.-ar重读音时[a:] party ; car ; farm; army ; yard ; hard ; star
在字母w或音[w]后面时 [ɔ:] war ; warm ; warn;towards ; *quarter
在非重读音时[-ə] beggar ;dollar ; solar
15.-are一般[-εə] hare ; bare ; dare ; stare ;rare ; care ; parent
16.-air一般[-εə] chair ; fair ; hair; pair ; stair ; repair
17.-able一般[eibl] able ; cable ; table; stable
(二)元音字母e的组合
1.-ea重读音节有四个音，分别是下列：
-ea[i:] team ; meat ; lead; teach ; read ; mean ; please ; steal
-ea[e] threat ; bread ; meant; read(过去式和过去分词); peasant
-ea[iə] real ; really
-ea[ei] great ; break
2.-ee[i:] feel ; week ; keep ; three; steel ; street ; sweep ; see
*但是一个例外：coffee[i]
3.-eer[iə] deer ; pioneer ; engineer; volunteer
4.-er重读音节[ə:] her ; term ; service; Germany
非重读[ə] worker ; paper; western ; teacher
特殊读法[a:] clerk
5.-ere [iə] here ; mere
-ere 或者发[εə] there ; where
6.-ear 有三种音，分别是：
-ear [iə] ear ; dear ; near ; clear; tear (n.) ; beard
-ear [ə:] early ; earth ; learn ;heard
-ear [a:] heart
* tear作为动词时，发[εə]
7.-ei[ei] eight ; weigh ; weight
-ei [ai] height
-ei [i:] receive
8.-ey重读[ei] they ; hey; survey
-ey重读[i:] key
-ey非重读[i]monkey ; donkey ; valley ; volleyball
*-et非重读[it] pocket ; ticket ; rocket
9.-ew 一般[ju:] new ; few; knew
-ew 或者发[u:] grew ; threw
-ew还可以发[əu] sew
10.-ege [idʒ] college
11.-est [i s t] biggest ; modest ;happiest;
12.词尾的-ed在浊音后[d] lived ; studied
-ed在清音后[t] worked ; finished
-ed在字母t或d后[id] wanted ;needed
（三）元音字母i或y的组合
1.-ie在重读音节中，或在辅音字母前，发[i:] field ; piece ; achieve
-ie在词尾[ai] lie ; die ; tie
2.-igh(t)在重读音节[ai(t)] high ; night; light ; bright
3.-ir在重读音节[ə:] girl ; firm; circle ; first ; third
4.-ire在重读音节[‘aiə] fire ; tired; hire ; retired ; wire
5.-ild [aild] child ; wild
6.-ind [aind] find ; kind ; mind ; wind ; (*但window[ind])
7.-ing [iŋ] king ; wing ; sing ; doing ; making
8.-(a)tion [(ei) ʃn] nation ; pronunciation ; information；composition
-stion [tʃn] question
-sion [ʃn]或[ʒn] mission使命 ;precision精密
9.-ye在词尾[ai] good-bye ; bye-bye
10.-ist[i s t] list ; fist;
(四)元音字母o的组合
1.-oa在重音时[əu] boat ; coat ; road; goat ; toad
-oar在重音时[ɔ:]blackboard ; aboard
2.-oi，-oy在重音时[ɔi] boiler; point ; join ; oil
boy ; toy; joy ; loyal
3.-oo一般[u:] soon ; too ; zoo ; room ; noon; food ; mood ; boot ; moon
*单词room和其他名词构成合成词时，常发短音。如classroom[u]…等等。
在字母k或有时在t，d之前时[u] cook ; look ; book; took ; foot ; good ；
4.-or在重音时[ɔ:] for ; horse ; important; morning ; born
-or在字母w后面[ə:] work ; word ; world; worse ; worth
(*但是wore ,worn例外，均发[ɔ:])
-or在非重音时[ə] monitor ; doctor ; professor ; forget;
forwards ; forgive ;conductor
5.-oar一般[ɔ:] board; aboard; blackboard
6.-oor一般[ɔ:]或在美式英语里发[ɔ ə] door ; floor
-oor 还发[uə] poor
7.-ore在重音时[ɔ:]snore ; more ; before ; foreign; forest
8.-ou一般[au]shout ; loud ; round ; found
-ou还发[ʌ] country ; countryside；trouble
-ou 还发[u:] wound ; wounded
9.-ough(t)发[ɔ:( t)] ought ; brought ; bought ; fought; thought
(*例外：cough[k ɔ f])
10.-oe[əu] toe ; hoe ; Joe
11.-old[əu l d] old ; hold ; cold ; told
12.-ost[əu s t] post ; most ; host ; ghost(*例外cost[ɔ s t])
13.-our在重音时[au] sour ; our ; hour ;
还发[ɔ:] four ; course ; pour
还发[uə] tour ; gourd
-our 在词尾(非重音)[ ə] colour ; neighbour ; favourite
14.-ow在重音时[au] now; cow ; down ; how ; town
-ow在重音或非重音中[əu] low ; yellow ; below; follow ; grow
tomorrow ; window ; widow; know ; show
（五）元音字母u的组合
1.-u在字母ll或sh之前，或者在字母b,p或f之后，均发[u]
如：full ; bull ; pull; push ; bush
字母l,r或j+u构成的开音节，u发[u:] rule; true ; blue ; June
2.-ue在词尾[ju:]argue ; continue
3.-ui在字母j或r后面时，发[u:] fruit ; juice
-ui在字母b或g后面，或者紧接重音节后面的一个音节时发[i]
如： build ; guilty ; biscuit
(*即就是说字母u不发音)
4.-ur在重音时[ə:] turn; return ; Thursday ; nurse ; purse
在非重音时[ə] surprise ; Saturday
-ure在重音时[(j) uə] pure[juə]; manure[juə] ; sure[uə]
- ture发[tʃə] picture; future ; mixture
(II) ●辅音字母及辅音字母组合的拼读规则
辅音字母一般都发字母本身音,只有一些是特殊的,下面试列举如下:
1.b在一般情况下[b]back ； big ; lab ; brother
b和u在一起，u常发[i] building； build ； busy
-bt一般[t] debt ; doubt
2.c在字母e,i或y前面时[s] city; Bruce ; juice ; bicycle ；face ; central
c在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[k] cup ; cold ; cattle ; duck ;
bicycle ; cap; cut ; class ;
c在词尾时也发[k]，但后面有e，那还发[s] gymnastic[k] ; music[k]
grace[s] ; Bruce[s]
-cc在元音字母a,o,u和辅音字母之前[k] occasion ; according ; occupy ; acclaim
在元音字母e和i之前[ks] accent ; success
-ci有时发[ʃ] social
-ch 有三种音[tʃ][ k]或[ʃ] 如下：
[tʃ]China; rich ; chick; chalk
[k] school ; chemist ; chemistry ; chemical; ache ; technology
[ʃ] machine ; parachute ;moustache
-tch[tʃ] catch ; match ; fetch ;hatch ; butcher
-ck[k] duck ; luck ; ticket ; pocket ; black; cock
3.d在一般情况下[d]did ; made ; desk ; duck ; doubt ; damage
-ds发[dz]birds ; hands
dr在元音字母前[dr]dry ; dress ; driver ; drill
-dge一般[dʒ]bridge ; fridge ; judge ; edge
4.f在一般情况下[f]five ; flag ; life ; leaf
5.g在字母e,i或y前面[dʒ] large ; general ; gymnastics ; age; energy
*例外：give ;forgive ; get ; forget等,g都发[g]
在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[g]goat ; game ; guard ; ghost ; glass
在词尾也发[g] big ; egg ; fig; flag
-gn[n]，即g不发音 foreign ; sign ; gnaw
-gh发[f]或[-](*既不发音) [-] high ; thought ; light ; brought
[f] laugh ;cough
-dge发[dʒ] bridge ; knowledge ; judge
*gue-,gua-和gui-在词首时一般u都不发音 guess ; guest; guard ; guide
而-gue在词尾发[g] league ; colleague
6.h在一般情况下[h]help ; behave ; hello ; hit ; hurry
h在字母r或x后面不发音 rhino; exhibition
7.j在一般情况下[dʒ] joy ; judge ; injure ; journey ; January; jar ; just
8.k在一般情况下[k] king ; milk ; kick; kiss ; lock ; knock
k后面是n时，k不发音,即kn发[n] knock ; knee ; know ; knowledge; knife
9.l在元音字母前发[l](*即“勒”音，供参考) light；look ; let ; lab ; live
l在辅音字母或词尾时发[l](*即“尔”音，供参考) cold ；sell ; chalk
10.m在一般情况下[m]meet ; meat ; mother ; come ; make ; Tom
m后面是b时,b不发音,即-mb发[m] comb ; tomb ; climb ; bomber
11.n在一般情况下[n]in ; now ; next ; ton ; nest
n在m后面时，n常不发音,即-mn发[m] autumn ; column
但后面有后缀或构成合成词，则n还要发音的 autumnal ; columnist
-ng常发[ŋ]或[ŋg] 发[ŋ] sing ; king ; English;young
发 [ŋg] finger ；younger ; language
-nk常发[ŋk] bank ; sink ; sank ; sunk ; ink; thank
12.p在一般情况下[p]map ; cap ; people ; pest
-ph[f] photo ; phantom; philosophy ; physics ; phrase
13.que在一般情况下[k]unique ; cheque
qu一般发[k w] quarter ; quick ; quilt; quiet ; quite ; queen
14.r在元音字母前才发音[r](*即音同“略”供参考) room ；read ; rest ; around
r在辅音字母或词尾前，一般不发音 car ; star ; jar
rh在元音字母前只发[r] rhyme ; rhino ; rhetoric
15.s在词首和词尾、清辅音之前或之后,或者在词尾同时在短元音之后，一般发[s]
如：see ; some ; set ; sister ; works; lips ; newspaper ; yes ; this
注：一条发音习惯，欧美人在发[s]音后面的清辅音时，习惯上把该清辅音发成相对应的浊辅音（而书写音标的时候，还是写成清辅音），试举例如下：
如：school---音标[s k u: l]，而习惯念成[s g u: l]
street---音标[s tr i: t],而习惯念成[s dr i: t]
stubborn---音标[‘s t ʌ b n],而习惯念成[‘s d ʌ b n]
student---音标[‘s t j u: d ə n t],而习惯念成[‘s d j u: d ə n t]
space---音标[s p ei s],而习惯念成[s b ei s]
steal---音标[s t i: l],而习惯念成[s d i: l]
就是这样，像这样的单词还有很多。这里只列举这么多了。
s在两个元音之间或者在浊辅音和元音之间时，发[z]
如：these ; nose ; lose; rise ; wisdom ; observe
词尾的s在浊辅音或元音之后（即在浊音之后），发[z]
如：pigs ; plays ; flags ; eggs ; toys; boys
词尾的s在长元音之后，发[z] hers ; yours
s还可以发[ʃ] sure ; Russia
-sh一般发[ʃ] sheep ; ship ; wish ; show ; shift; fish
-sch一般情况下[s k] school ; scheme(计划)
-sion一般情况下[ʃ n] tension ; succession
在元音字母后[ʒ n] decision ; conclusion
-sure在元音字母后[ʒ ə] measure ; pleasure
16. t在一般情况下[t] tooth ； cat ; teach ; tool; hit
cut ; let ; ten ; table; taste ;
-th一般发[θ]或[ð],即发[θ] thin ; tooth ; youth; think ; thigh
发[ð] that ; with ; this; these ; those
-tr[tr] try ; trust ; trip; trouble ; tree ; street
-tion[ʃ n]information ; organization; pronunciation ; production
(*一个例外：question[tʃ n])
-ture[tʃ ə] picture ; mixture; future
17.v在一般情况下[v] very ; live ; vehicle; vase ; valley ; village
18.w在元音字母之前[w] wear ; window ; widow ; week ;weak ; wisdom
wr[r] write ; wrong ; wrist; written
wh[h] who ; whom ; whose; whole
wh[w] what ; which ; when; where ; why
aw[ɔ:] draw ; saw ; law; lawyer ; awful
ew[j u:] few ; threw ; grew; knew ; new
ow[əu] own ; owner ; low; slow ; know ; below
ow[au] now ; cow ; crown
19.x在一般情况下[ks] box ; fox ; next; textile
位于元音字母之前且重音落在后一个音节上时，发[gz] exam ; exist ; anxiety
20.y在元音字母之前[j] you ; youth ; yes; young
21.z在一般情况下[z] zoo ; quiz ; zebra ; zero ; zipper
warmful和warm的不同？
warm是温暖的，warmful是热烈的，例如：
1.The female must find a warm place to hatch her eggs.母的必须找个温暖的地方孵蛋。
2.The warm climate favours many types of tropical plants.温暖的气候对多种热带植物生长有利。
3.Our host shook each of us warmly by the hand.主人热情地和我们每个人握手。
